中国组织工程研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (35): 5733-5740.doi: 10.12307/2022.919

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    

端粒与端粒酶:运动延缓衰老的端粒机制

杨  玲1,黄  森2   

  1. 1韶关学院体育学院,广东省韶关市  512000;2湖南省体育科学研究所,湖南省长沙市  410008
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-29 接受日期:2022-01-19 出版日期:2022-12-18 发布日期:2022-05-18
  • 通讯作者: 黄森,博士,副研究员,湖南省体育科学研究所,湖南省长沙市 410008
  • 作者简介:杨玲,女,1986年生,河北省邢台市人,华南师范大学在读博士,主要从事运动与健康老龄化方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    2021年教育部人文社科课题(21YJAZH049),项目参与人:杨玲

Telomeres and telomerase: mechanism of exercise retarding aging telomeres

Yang Ling1, Huang Sen2   

  1. 1School of Physical Education, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, Guangdong Province, China; 2Hunan Institute of Sports Science, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
  • Received:2021-11-29 Accepted:2022-01-19 Online:2022-12-18 Published:2022-05-18
  • Contact: Huang Sen, PhD, Associate researcher, Hunan Institute of Sports Science, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
  • About author:Yang Ling, PhD candidate, School of Physical Education, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    2021 Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education of China, No. 21YJAZH049 (to YL [project participant])

摘要:

文题释义:
端粒:是存在于真核细胞线状染色体末端的一小段 DNA-蛋白质复合体,端粒重复序列与端粒结合蛋白一起构成了特殊的“帽子”结构,其作用是保持染色体的完整性和控制细胞分裂周期。
衰老的端粒学说:细胞在每次分裂或复制过程中,染色体端粒都会由于DNA聚合酶功能障碍,失去一些核苷酸,端粒就会减少一段。一旦端粒被耗尽,那么细胞就无法复制,甚至凋亡。它像是能“计数”细胞分裂,从而控制细胞衰老的“时钟”。

背景:端粒是人体细胞染色体末端的特殊结构,与衰老有非常密切的关系;科学运动可以提高端粒酶活性,保护端粒结构,从而影响人体的身体健康;端粒变短,机体疾病发病率增加,存活率降低,因此,端粒常被认为是细胞衰老的生物学标志物,是触发衰老的“生物钟”。
目的:基于端粒系统和衰老的关系,总结分析运动对端粒、端粒酶的影响,探讨运动延缓衰老的端粒理论机制,为运动抗衰老、运动健康促进提供理论依据和参考。
方法:以“端粒,端粒酶,运动,衰老”为中文检索词,以“telomeres,telomerase,exercise,senescence”为英文检索词;查阅中国知网、PubMed、Web of science数据库,初步筛选运动调控端粒延缓衰老的相关文献,在全文阅读后共纳入89篇文献进行分析。
结果与结论:不同运动对端粒的影响具有差异性;运动与端粒长度存在正相关、无相关和倒U型关系,与端粒酶活性存在年龄偏移性;适宜运动可以减缓端粒缩短的速度,防止端粒过度消耗,延缓或预防与年龄相关的疾病发生,延长寿命,但其机制一直未阐明。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-0639 (杨玲) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程

关键词: 运动, 染色体, 端粒, 端粒酶, 衰老, 慢性疾病, 机制, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Telomeres form special structures at the end of chromosomes in human cells, which have special functions and show a very close relationship with biological aging. Exercise can improve the activity of telomerases and protect the structure of telomeres, thus affecting human health. Shorter telomeres increase the incidence of diseases and decrease the survival rate. Therefore, telomeres are often considered as biological markers of cell aging and the “biological clock” that triggers aging. 
OBJECTIVE: Based on the relationship between telomeres and aging, to summarize and analyze the effect of exercise on telomeres and telomerases and to explore the mechanism of telomerase retardation by exercise, so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for anti-aging and health promotion by exercises. 
METHODS: We searched for relevant articles in CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords of “telomeres, telomerase, exercise, senescence” in Chinese and English, and conducted preliminary screening of titles and abstracts according to inclusion criteria. After reading the full text, a total of 89 documents were included for further analysis. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Different exercises have different effects on telomeres. Exercise is positively correlated with telomere length, uncorrelated with telomere length, and has inverted U-shaped relationship with telemeter length. Exercise and telomerase activity are age-deviated. Suitable exercises can slow down the speed of telomere shortening, prevent the excessive consumption of telomeres, delay or prevent the occurrence of age-related diseases, and prolong life, but the mechanism has not been fully clarified.

Key words: exercise, chromosome, telomere, telomerase, senescence, chronic disease, mechanism, review

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